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AUTHOR: 


WHITON,  JAMES  MORRIS 


TITLE: 


GR 


RULES  OF 
AND  LATIN... 


PLACE 


DA  TE : 


18 


/ 


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■iV»r>MH'"«  \$    mw 


"Hill. 


[Whiton,  James  Morrisj  1833-  1920. 

Parallel  rules  of  Greek  and  Latin  syntax.    For  use  in 
classical  schools.    Boston,  Ginn  &  Heath,  1877. 

2  p.  I..  30  p.    14  X  24 J^ 


I  eta 


Interleaved. 

Preface  signed:  J.  M.  W.,  R.  P.  K, 


Restrictions  on  Use: 


_  }--&eek  lanRiiape—Syntax.    2.   Latin  language— Syntax 
Robert  Porter,  1844-1904,  joint  autTI5?:  8"'^»^fy"ta'^- 


I.  Keep, 


Library  of  Congress 
©1877:  14628 


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PARALLEL    RULES 


OF 


GREEK   AND    LATIN    SYNTAX. 


FOR    USE   IN    CLASSICAL    SCHOOLS. 


BOSTON: 
eiNN    &    HEATH. 

18  7  7. 


\ 


COPYBIGHT,    18T7, 

BY  J.  M.  WHITON  AND  R.  P.  KEEP. 


I 


») 


lllll Illll Hi Illliili" 


1^ 


Note  to  Teachers. 


The  object  of  this  compend  is  to  represent  perspicuously  the  main  correspondences  and  differences 
in  Greek  and  Latin  syntax.  Exceptions  and  particulars  are  to  be  learned  from  the  grammars.  They 
will,  perhaps,  be  more  firmly  retamed,  and  more  distinctly  associated  in  the  mind  with  the  leading  rules 
under  wliich  they  are  comprehended,  if  the  pupil  writes  them  opposite  the  rules,  as  soon  as  learned,  in 
the  blank  pages  provided  for  that  purpose. 

It  is  recommended  that  the  examples,  as  well  as  the  rules,  should  be  committed  to  memory.  The 
matter  here  collected  seems  to  represent  that  amount  of  syntax  which  may  be  insisted  on  as  a  permanent 
deposit  in  the  mind,  available  for  constant  use. 

Suggestions  from  teachers  who  may  make  trial  of  the  present  pamphlet  are  particularly  invited. 


WniisTON  Sbminaby,  Easthampton,  Mass.,  August,  1877. 


J.  M.  W. 


421308 


PAEALLEL  EULES  OF  GEEEK  AND  LATIN  SYNTAX, 


FOR  SCHOOL  USE. 


HominatiTO. 
1. 


Vocative. 
2. 


Accusative. 
3. 


4. 


The  nominative  is  chiefly  used  as  the  subject  of  a  finite  verb,  or  as 
a  predicate  after  verbs  signifying  to  be,  become,  &c.,  and  after  passives 
of  making,  choosing,  naming,  &c. 


6  dvTjQ  l^lOiv. 

The  man  came. 
XiQixh]  axQatriyog. 

He  was  chosen  general. 


Servius  regnabat. 

ServiuB  was  reigning. 

Ego   sum  nuntius. 

I  am  a  messenger. 


The  vocative  is  used,  with  or  without  an  interjection,  in  addressing 
a  person  or  thing. 

aaovEig,  (w)  ^laxiv^'y  Perge,  Laeli, 

Dost  thou  hear,  (O)  ^^schineg  ?  Go  forward,  Lselius. 

The  direct  object  of  a  transitive  verb  is  put  in  the  accusative. 
Tovto  aco^H  rifidg,  Deus  mundum  aedificavit. 


This  saves  us. 


God  buUt  the  world. 


Verbs  of  making,  choosing,-  namtngf  considering,.^  showing,  and  the 
like,  may  take  two  accusatives  of  the  same  person  or  thing. 

KvQov  (jtQarrjyov  dmdei^sv.        Hamilcarem     imperatorem 

He  appointed  Cyrus  general.  f  ecerunt. 

They  made  Hamilcar  commander. 
[1] 


6. 


6. 


9. 


Verbs  of  asking,  demanding,  teaching,  and  concealing  (and,  in  Greek, 
verbs  of  putting  on  or  off),  take  two  accusatives,  —  one  of  the  person, 
the  other  of  the  thing. 

^ij  fiB  ^Qv^pw  rodto.  Me  sententiam  rogavit. 

Do  not  hide  tliis  from  me.  He  asked  me  my  opinion, 

Rem.  —  The  passive  of  these  verbs  retains  the  accusative  of  the  thing. 

Duration  of  time  and  extent  of  space  are  expressed  by  the  accu- 
sative. 

Septem  annos  regnavit. 


He  remained  three  days. 


He  reigned  seven  years. 


The  limit  of  motion  is  expressed  by  the  accusative. 

persons  and  places.  .  yMiu  y^^       \ 

-r.^^  Romam  redit. 


She  came  to  the  suitors. 


He  retiums  to  Eome. 


«  ,,        -I  7_    >Li_  4-*  «  Thp  iponsative  is  used  in  exclamations. 

Adverbs  of  swearing  are  followed  by  the  accusative,  —  ine  accusaiue 

ftj  and  vcu  fid  (affirmative),  fid  (negative).  ^q^  j^e  miseruml 


^a  tov  OeSvI 

No,  by  the  god  I 


Lh,  wretched  me! 


A  verb  or  an^djective  may  be  followed  by  an  accusative  to  limit  its 
application. 
xd^va,  tiiv  xecpuX^v.  Capita  velamur. 


I  have  a  pain  in  my  head. 


We  have  our  heads  veiled. 


To^Ml/loi'Y'''^'"''*^ 


[2] 


Rem.  —  A  phrase  in  this  construction  often  has  the  force  of  an  adverb. 

tOVtOV    ZOV    TQOTtOV, 

In  this  way,  or,  thus. 


Maximam  partem  lacte  vi- 
vunt. 

They  Mve  mostly  on  milk. 


The  accusative  of  kindred  significatLon  repeats  the  idea  contained 
in  the  verb,  and  may  follow  both  transitive  and  intransitive  verbs. 


I  enjoy  pleasure. 


Vitam  vivere. 

To  live  a  life. 


U* 


Verbs  signifying  to  do  any  thing  to,  or  to  say  any  thing 
of,  a  person,  take  two  accusatives. 

tavrd  fis  noiovaiv. 

They  do  this  to  me. 

cf.  fis  xaxci)*;  noui. 
He  treats  me  ilL 


Genitive  after 
Notms. 

12. 


J  / 


A  substantive  dependent  upon  another  in  the  relation  commonly  ex- 
pressed in  English  by  the  word  of,  is  put  in  the  genitive.  The  following 
are  the  chief  varieties :  — 

1.  POSSESSIVl!. 

Castra  hostium. 

Tlie  enemies'  camp. 

2.  Subjective. 

Paver  Numidarum. 

The  fear  of  the  Numidians  (which  they  feel). 
[31 


jy  Tov  TtatQog  oixia. 
The  father's  house. 


jy    TOV    8lj(A.0V  Evvoia. 
The  good-will  of  the  people. 


dedicate 
Oenitive. 

13. 


3.  Objective. 
rd  Tlavffaviov  fuaog.  Amor  gloriae. 

Tlie  hatred  of  (toward)  Pausanias.  Love  of  (for)  glory. 


A  fountain  of  water. 


4.  Of  Material. 

Fens  aquae. 

A  fountain  of  water. 


5.  Of  the  Whole  (after  nouns,  adjectives,  &c.,  denoting  a  part). 

7io)lol  Twv  QTjtoQiav,  Quis  vestrum. 

Many  of  tlie  orators.  ^Vixieh.  of  you? 

6.  Of  Specifioation  (also  called  appositional  genitive). 

mhg  *Ax>fjVMV.  Tellus  Ausoniae. 

The  city  of  Athens.  The  land  of  Ausonia. 

7.  Of  CHABACTERISTia 

sari  Tovrov  tov  tQOTtov.  Vir  summae  virtutis. 


He  is  of  this  character. 


A  man  of  the  highest  worth. 


Rem.  —  The  genitive  of  characteristic,  in  Greek,  is  always  a  predicate  geni- 
tive,   cf.  13. 

8.  Of  Measube  (of  Time,  Space,  Value,  &c.). 

tQifav  rjfjiEQOJV  odog.  Puer   novem   annorum. 

A  three-days'  journey.  A  boy  of  nine  years.    May  be  referred  to  (7). 

A  partitive  or  possessive  genitive  often  stands  in  the  predicate,  after 
verbs  signifying  to  be,  become,  belong,  &c.,  limiting  a  noun  which  may 
easily  be  supplied. 

0  vonog  jQaxovtog  eaziv.  Omnia  hostium  sunt. 


The  law  is  Draco's. 


[41 


All  things  are  the  enemies'. 


Oenitive  after 
Verbi. 

14. 


15. 


16. 


17. 


Verbs  of  sharing,  touching,  aiming,  enjoying,  obtain- 
ing, hiUing,  misig,  beginning,  cMming,  l^sputing, 
govern  the  genitive.^ 

The  soul  partakes  of  the  divine. 


a v^n  j'y.  1 6  tt a L    CIV  cu  V  ,K.r.A. 

X.Z.I. . ; 


Verbs  denoting  fulness  and  want  govern  the  genitive. 

They  filled  their  ears  with  wisdom. 


Verbs  of  ruling  and  commanding  govern  the  genitive. 
nolvKQdmjg  ^dfjiov  kvQaweveto. 

Polycrates  was  bearing  sway  over  Samoa. 

Some  verbs  denoting  an  action  of  the  senses  or  of  the 
mind  take  a  genitive  of  the  object:  e,g.^  taste,  smell, 
hear,  perceive,  understand,  remember,  forget,  desire, 
care  for,  spare,  neglect,  admire,  despise. 

qitovrjg  dxovsiv. 
To  hear  a  voice. 


This  construction  is  rare  in  Latin,    cf.  37,  3. 
Quid  est  quod  defensionis  indigeat? 

What  is  there  wliich  needs  defending? 

Satagit  rerum  suarum. 

He  has  his  hands  full  of  his  own  affairs. 


Becordor,  memini,  reminiscor,  and  ohliviscor,  take  a 
genitive  of  the  object ;  refert  and  interest  take  a  genitive 
of  the  person  whose  concern  they  denote. 

Meminit  praeteritorum. 

He  remembers  the  past. 

Interest  oznniuin. 

It  is  the  interest  of  all. 


Rem.  —  Instead  of  the  genitives,  mei,  tut,  suif  &c.,  the  abla- 
tives, medy  tud,  sud,  nostrdf  vestrdy  are  used. 


10. 


OenitiTe  in 
Ablative  Um. 

20. 


Verbs  of  judicial  action  (accuse,  convict,  &c.),  and  of 
emotion  (praise,  pity,  envy,  admire,  blame,  &c.),  are  fol- 
lowed by  a  genitive  of  the  cause. 


He  prosecutes  me  for  bribery. 

tovrovg  oi}cteiQ<o  rrjg  voaov. 
I  pity  them  on  accoant  of  the  disease. 
y^\^i     •  t     Ctc.4    p  III  «.  u  a    _ 

V  \ 


Caused  G€vi. 

O        ft 

\9\  0  9 


The  genitive  is  used  after  verbs  to  denote  price  or 

value. 

TioXXov  oveTa&cu. 
To  buy  for  much. 


Verbs  denoting  separation,  distinction,  and  source,  gov- 
ern the  genitive. 

The  Island  is  distant  from  the  mainland. 

o  fiad^mv  tov  fiTj  fiad'ovjog  diacpSQet. 
He  who  has  learned  diffeis  from  him  who  has  not 

fm&S  fJlOV  Todc. 

Learn  these  things  from  me. 


Verbs  of  accusing,  convicting,  reminding,  admonishing, 
and  the  following  verbs  of  emotion,  miser et^  poenitet, 
pudet,  toedet,  piget,  take  a  genitive  of  the  cause. 

Capitis  damnati  sunt. 

They  have  been  condemned  to  death. 

Te  amicitiae  commonefacit. 

He  reminds  thee  of  friendship. 

Bo  rum  nos  miseret. 

We  pity  them. 

Value  when  denoted  by  an  adjective  is  expressed  by 
the  genitive. 

Pluris  emere. 

To  buy  for  more. 

Rem.  —  The  genitive  of  value  is  also  used  in  Latin  with  sub- 
stantive words  expressing  a  low  degree  of  esteem ;  e.g.,  nihili, 
jftoccij  hujusy  &c. 

Non  hujus  te  facio. 

I  don't  care  that  for  you. 

cf.  89. 


[•1 


If 


ii 


^X« 


22. 


Oenitive  after 
Adjectives. 

23. 

Genitive  after 
Adverbs. 

24. 


r,. 


c^ 


Genitive  of 
Cause. 

25. 


The  comparative  degree,  and  words  implying  compari- 
son, take  the  genitive.  OUr  „,'^    i'cJVfi^\ 

Sin  runs  faster  than  death. 

Place  and  time  within  which  are  indefinitely  expressed 
by  the  genitive. 

•zijg  vvurog  tytvsto. 
It  took  place  iii  the  night. 

htOQSVOVtO   tOV    TlQOaO), 
They  marched  forward. 


c/.  35. 


cf.  40. 


Many  adjectives  are  followed  by  the  objective  genitive. 
ffi7teii)og  xaKcov.  Avidus  laudis. 


Experienced  in  misfortunes. 


Greedy  of  praise. 


1.  Some  adverbs  take  the  objective  genitive  after  the 
analogy  of  the  adjectives  from  which  they  are  derived. 


dva^iag  trjg  TtoXecog, 
Unworthily  of  the  city. 


2.  Many  adverbs  of  place  govern  the  genitive. 

TtfQav  rov  Ttorafiov.  Ublnam   gentium? 

Beyond  the  river. 

,         '''  /  ■* 


Where  on  earth? 


The  causal  genitive  is  often  used  in  exclamations,  also 
with  the  infinitive  preceded  by  the  article  zov  and  denoting 
the  purpose  of  an  action. 

qiev  zov  dv^Qog! 

Alas  for  the  man  ! 

TOV  fiiy  biaqtivytiv  zov  Xaym,  axonovg  xadiazccfiep. 
That  the  hare  may  not  escape,  we  poet  guards. 


ITI 


26. 


Dative. 
27. 


!'"■ 


A  noun  and  a  participle  are  put  in  the  genitive  absolute 
to  denote  time,  means,  cause,  condition  and  concession. 

taika  kTiQuxdrj  Kovmvog  ozQatTjyovvrog, 

Thes6  things  were  done  while  Conon  was  general 


c/.  43. 


The  indirect  object  (that  to  or  for  which  any  thing  is,  or  is  done)  is 
put  in  the  dative. 

Evxofiai  roig  deoTg.  Tempori   cedit. 

I  pray  to  the  gods.  He  yields  to  the  exigency. 

JidojGifmdovToig  (Jtgaricoraig.  Pons  iter  hostibus  dedit. 

He  gives  pay  to  the  soldiers.  The  bridge  furnished  a  way  to  the  enemy. 

The  following  are  the  chief  varieties  of  the  dative  of  the  indirect 
object : 


1.  Dative  of  advantage  and  disadvantage. 


y    \ 


nag  av^Q  avzcp  tzopsT. 
Every  man  labors  for  himself. 


Sibi  prosunt. 

They  benefit  themselves.  • 


2.  Dative  with  compound  verbs  : 

Usually  with  compounds  of  iV,  gvv,  Im;  often  with  com-         With  compounds  of  nrJ   nr>u   .n^    -      -  * 

pounds  of  TtQk,  noQd,  ueqI,  tzqo.  .,  JI    1!  T  ^  f'  '        '    ""'  '''^''*'  ""^^  -P^'^' 

!.  ^,      t  ,     t  J  ^fe*".  prae,  pro,  sub,  super,  and  sometimes  circum, 

toig  vofioig  ifiiiivcav. 
Abiding  by  the  laws. 

£8] 


Adsum  amicis. 

I  stand  by  my  friends. 


3.  Dative  of  the  possessor. 
ovH  far IV  tjfiiv  XQt^fiara. 

We  have  no  money. 


Mihi  est  noveroa. 

I  have  a  step-mother. 


4.  Dative  of  the  agent :  — 


With  verbals  in  -r/o^,   and  sometimes  with   passive 
verbs. 


tovto  noirjtsov  tatlv  ruiTv. 

Tliis  must  be  done  by  us. 

navxa  inilv  7tt7toir(ia.u 

Every  thhig  haa  been  done  by  us. 


5.  Ethical  dative. 

xl  Go\  iiadrjOOfiai  ; 

What  shall  I  learn,  do  you  say  ? 


With  participles  in  -dus,  and  with  compound  tenses  of 
passive  verbs. 

Suum  cuique  incommodiifii  ferendmn  est. 

Every  one  has  his  own  trouble  to  bear. 

Mihi  constitutum  est. 

I  have  determined. 


At  tibi  venit  ad  me. 

But,  I  tell  you,  he  is  coming  to  me. 

6.  A  double  dative  occurs  after  sum  and  a  few  other 

verbs. 

Malo  est  hominibus  avaritia. 

Avarice  is  an  evil  to  men. 


28. 


A.  The  dative  is  used  after  adjectives  and  adverbs,  denoting  resem- 
blance, sameness,  union,  and  approach. 

ofioioi  dlX/^loig.  Canis  lupo  similis  est. 


Like  each  other. 


A  dog  is  like  a  wolf. 


B.  Many  adjectives  of  quality  are  followed  by  the  dative  of  the  person 
to  whom  the  qualit}^  has  relation. 

Omnibus  carum  est. 

It  is  dear  to  all. 
[9] 


t/toi  evitQEOTOv  eozip. 

It  is  pleasing  to  me. 


,y 


^Ir* 


The  dative  is  used  to  denote  the  (3ause,  manner  (in- 
cludes respect) ,  means,  or  instrument. 

cbtodvrjaxEi  vooqt. 

He  dies  of  a  disease. 

Rem. — iQaoncu^  to  use,  takes  its  object  in  the  dative. 

IQmxai  aQyvQicg, 

They  use  silver. 


cf,  33. 


\ 


cf.  utor,  in  Latin* 


SO. 


Comparatives  are  followed  by  a  dative  (of  means)  to 
express  the  measure  of  difference. 

Taller  by  a  head. 


cf.  36. 


31. 


The  time  in  which  is  expressed  by  the  dative   (so  es- 
pecially with  words  signifying  day,  week,  month,  year). 

tJ  varsgaia. 

On  the  following  day. 


cf.  40. 


32. 


The  place  in  which  is  expressed  (in  poetry)  by  the 
dative. 

*EXXddi  voaoav. 
Ihrelling  in  Greece. 


[lOJ 


cf.  38. 


.J^m 


11 

1 


Ablative. 
33. 


84. 


35. 


36. 


37. 


of,  29. 


c/.  19 


c/.  21. 


c/.  30. 


c/.  29  E. 


cf.  15. 


Cause,  manner,  means,  and  instrument  are  expressed 
by  the  ablative. 

Utilitate  laudatur. 

It  is  praised  because  of  its  usefulness. 

Rem.  —  The  ablative  (of  cause)  is  often  used  to  show  that 
in  accordance  with  which  any  thing  is  done. 

Jussu  senatus. 

In  accordance  with  the  command  of  the  senate. 

Price  is  denoted  by  the  ablative. 
Vendidit  auro  patriam. 

He  has  sold  his  coimtry  for  gold. 

Comparatives  are  followed  by  the  ablative. 
Nihil  est  amabilius  virtute. 

Notlxiug  is  more  lovely  than  virtue. 

Measure  of  difference  is  expressed  by  the  ablative. 
Uno  die  longior. 

One  day  longer. 


The  ablative  is  used  after  the  following  words : 

1.  Uior,  fruor,  fungor,  potior  J  vescor. 

2.  Fido,  conjido,  nitor,  innitor, 

3.  Verbs  and  adjectives  of  plenty  and  want. 


[HI 


Worthy  of  friendship. 


4.  Dignus,  indignus,  contentus,  praeditus,  frettts. 
6.  Opus  and  usus. 

Plurimis  rebus  fruimur. 

We  enjoy  very  many  things. 

Salus  veritate  nititur. 

Safety  depends  upon  truth. 

Non  egeo  medioina. 

I  do  not  need  medicine. 

Digni  sunt  amicitia. 

They  are  worthy  of  friendship. 

Auctoritate  tua  nobis  opus  est. 

We  have  need  of  your  authority. 


88. 


cf.  32. 


A.  The  place  in  which,  if  the  name  of  a  town,  is  put, 
when  in  the  first  or  second  declension  and  singular  num- 
ber, in  the  genitive ;  if  of  .the  third  declension  or  plural 
number,  in  the  ablative. 

Romae  et  Tarenti  habitavit. 

He  dwelt  at  Rome  and  at  Tarentum. 

Athenis  et  Tibure  vixit. 

He  lived  at  Athens  and  at  Tibur. 


B.  The  place  from  which,  if  the  name  of  a  town,  is 
put  in  the  ablative  without  a  preposition. 


L12] 


Discessit  Corintho. 

He  departed  from  Corinth. 


•f 


l-T 


39. 


c/.  20. 


40. 


c/.  31. 


Rem. — Domus  aud  rus  are  construed  like  names  of  towns. 


Abiit  rus. 

He  is  gone  to  the  country. 

Vivit  rure  or  ruri. 

He  lives  in  the  country. 

Rediit  rure. 

He   has  returned  from   the 
country. 


Domum  revertitur.  c/.  7. 

He  returns  home. 

Do  mi  manet. 

He  remains  at  home. 

Do  mo  arcessitus  sum. 

I  am  called  from  home. 


Source  and  separation  are  expressed  by  the  ablative, 
commonly  with  a  preposition. 

Oriundi  ab   Sabinis. 

Sprung  from  the  Sablnes. 

Rem.  —  The  following  words  omit  the  preposition :  perfect 
participles  (of  origin) ;  verbs  of  freeing,  removing,  depriving ; 
while  verbs  of  repelling  and  taking  away,  compounds  of  a6,  de^ 
exj  and  superj  take  the  person  in  the  dative. 

Nate  Dea. 

Child  of  a  goddess. 

Solvere  somno. 

To  release  from  sleep. 

Vitam  adulescentibus  vis  aufert. 

Violence  takes  life  away  from  the  young. 


The  time  at  or  within  which  is  expressed  by  the  abla- 
tive. 


113] 


Octogesimo  anno  mortuus  est. 

He  died  in  his  eightieth  year. 


«BiJL# 


c/.  12,  7. 


The  ablative  of  a  substantive  denoting  character  or 
quality  is  used,  when  joined  with  an  adjective,  to  charac- 
terize a  person  or  thing. 

Summa  virtute  adolescens.  * 

A  youth  of  the  highest  virtue. 


42. 


c/.  29  (dative  of  respect), 


The  ablative  of  specification  is  used  to  restrict  the 
meaning  of  a  noun,  adjective,  or  verb. 

Rex  fait  nomine,  non  potestate. 

He  was  a  king  in  name,  not  in  power. 


40« 


c/.  26. 


A  noun  and  a  participle  (a  second  noun  or  an  adjective 
may  take  the  place  of  the  participle)  are  put  in  the  ablative 
absolute,  to  denote  time,  cause,  means,  condition,  with 
reference  to  the  principal  verb  of  the  sentence. 

Servio   regnante. 

"While  Serv'ius  was  reigning. 

Cicerone   consule. 

While  Cicero  was  consul. 


Agreement. 


A  verb  agi-ees  with  its  subject-nominative  in  number  and  person ; 


01  uvdQsg  Xeyovaiv. 

The  men  say. 


Deus  mundum  aedificavit. 

God  built  the  world. 


■    but  a  collective  noun  in  the  singular  may  take  a  plural  verb. 


td  TtVqOog  expT^cpiGavto. 
The  multitude  voted. 


Multitude  abeunt. 

The  multitude  depart. 


[14] 


Adjectives. 

40« 


i 


^3- 

4 


Belativef. 
46. 


I      A  neuter  plural  subject  regularly  takes  its  verb  in  the 


singular 

tavta  eysvero. 
These  tilings  took  place. 


Adjectives  agree  with  their  nouns  in  gender,  number,  and  case. 

Vir  fortis. 

A  brave  man. 


J    / 


0  aoq)og  avtiQ, 
The  wise  man. 


Rem.  1.  When  the  nouns  are  of  different  genders,  an  attributive  adjective 
generally  agrees  with  the  nearest. 

Ttavzl  H(d  loyqj  xal  fij]X(^v^*  Vita  moresque  mei. 

By  cveiy  word  and  device.  My  life  and  character. 

Rem.  2.  A  predicate  adjective  belonging  to  several  nouns  jointly  is  plural 
(or  dual),  and  masculine  unless  the  nouns  denote  inanimate  things. 

nataog  x«!  nrp:Qo^  ovxtti  fiev  ^coovrojv.   Pater  et  mater  mortui  sunt. 

My  father  and  mother  being  no  longer  alive.  Father  and  mother  have  died. 

Relatives  agree  with  their  antecedents  in  gender  and  number,  but  take 
the  case  required  by  the  construction  of  their  own  clause. 

ot  ihdQeg  ovg  elSfg  dmp.x^ov.  Animal  quod    sanguinem 


The  men  whom  you  saw  have  gone  away. 

Exception  to  Rule  4G. — A  relative  which  would  prop- 
erly be  in  the  accusative  as  the  object  of  a  verb  is  gen- 
erally attracted  into  the  genitive  or  dative,  if  that  be  the 
ease  of  its  antecedent. 

ix  t^v  fc6}^oyv  (av  f/ff. 
From  the  cities  which  he  has. 


habet. 

An  animal  which  has  blood. 


IIS] 


Infinitive. 

^£  f  • 


^eO« 


I i 


Adverbs. 

4c7* 


Prepositioofl. 
60. 


The  infinitive  is  construed  as  a  neuter  noun,  and  may  be  the  subieci 
or  object  of  a  verb. 

aaUv    Imi    to  Iv  TZoXt'ficp    djto-    Jucundum  est  laudari. 

{>Vfjaxsiv.  Itisdelightftdtobepraised. 

*Tis  a  noble  thing  to  fall  in  battle. 

^ovlnai  lld^siv.  Vincere   scis,  Hannibal. 


He  wishes  to  come. 


You  know  how  to  conquer,  Hannibal. 


fcpt]  ojQav  eivai. 

He  said  that  it  was  time. 


Verbs  of  saying,  thinking,  knowing,  and  perceiving,  &c.,  are  followed 
by  the  infinitive  with  the  subject-accusative  expressed  or  implied. 

Sentimus  calere  ignem. 

We  perceive  that  lire  is  hot. 

Ke^.  -  mid  always  takes  the  infinitiye,  Rkm.  -  After  the  past  tense  of  a  verb  of  saying,  &e.,  an 

i*>  may  take  oz.  or  cos,  object-clause  which  would  be  introduced  in  English  by  the 

,'        ,  ,  ,       -r  ,  word  that,  is  reariUarly  expressed  in  Latin  by  the  accusative 

emov  always  takes  on  or  cog  ^^^  .^^^^.^.^^     ^^^  ^^^^  ^^^^^^^  ^^^  ^^^^  ^^  ^^^.^^  ^3  ^^^^ 

except  when  it  signifies  bid.  ^^.^  ^^  ^^  .^  ^^^  ^^^^ .^  ^^^.^^^^  ^^  .^  .^^^^^^  ^^^^^^^ 


Adverbs  limit  verbs,  adjectives,  and  other  adverbs. 

Sapientes  feliciter  viviint. 

The  wise  live  happily. 


OVtCOg    HTltlV. 

So  to  speak. 


Prepositions  govern  various  cases  according  to  their  meaning. 


1.  Four  prepositions  take  only  the  genitive,  avti,  dno, 
k  (th),  TtQO,  also  the  improper  prepositions  avev,  oxeq,  axQi, 
fiixQh  tnncij  7i)Jiv. 


1.  The  following  prepositions  take  the  accusative :  ad, 
adversus  or  adversum,  ante^  apud,  circa  or  circum,  circiter, 
cis  or  citra,  contra,  erga,  extra,  infra,  inter,  intra,  juxta, 
oh,  penes,  per,  pone,  post,  praeter,  prope,  propter,  secun- 
dum, supra,  trans,  ultra,  and  versus. 


[16] 


2.  Two  take  only  the  dative,  ev  and  avv. 

3.  Two  take  only  the  accusative,  sig  and  cag, 

4.  Three  take  the  genitive  and  the  accusative,  did,  xaro, 

V7ZSQ, 

5.  One,  am,  takes  the  dative  and  the  accusative. 

6.  Seven  take  the  genitive,  the  dative,  and  the  accusa- 
tive, diiqjt,  tm,  (jietd,  Ttagd,  tzeqi,  TtQog,  and  mo. 

Rem.  1.  After  a  passive  verb,  the  personal  agent  is  regularly 
expressed  by  vno,  less  frequently  by  naQa,  TtQog,  and  tx,  with 
the  genitive,    c/.  27,  4;  29. 

bia^hidEig  vTtd  Ti6aaq)eQvovg, 

Slandered  by  Tissaphemes. 

Eem.  2.  —  Compare  with  the  use  of  in  and  sub  the  analogous 
use  of  Etg  (hg)  and  tv  (originally  the  same  word),  also  of  mo 
with  the  accusative  and  with  the  dative. 


2.  The  following  prepositions  take  the  ablative :  a,  a6, 
or  a6s,  absque,  coram,  cum,  de,  e  or  ex,  palam,  prae,  pro^ 
sine,  and  tenus. 


Rem.  1.  After  a  passive  verb  the  personal  agent  is  regularly 
expressed  by  a  or  ab  with  the  ablative,     cf.  27,  4;  33. 

Laudari  ab  laudato. 

To  be  praised  by  one  whom  men  praise. 


Rem.  2.  —  In  and  sub  take  the  accusative  when  they  denote 
motion  or  tendency ;  when  situation,  the  ablative.  Supery  when 
it  signifies  above  or  uponj  takes  the  accusative ;  about  or  concern' 
ingy  the  ablative. 


CU] 


MOODS    AN-D    TENSES. 


51. 


62. 


63. 


Clauses  expressing  a  purpose  or  motive  take  the  sub- 
junctive after  primary,  and  the  optative  after  secondary 
tenses.  The  subjunctive  sometimes  takes  the  place  of 
the  optative. 

dmvosizcu  rf)v  yiqjVQUv  Ivaaiy  w^^  fii}  dia^Tits,     (Xex.) 

He  purposes  to  break  down  the  bridge,  that  you  may  not  cross. 

TOtJiov  mm  (film  qWo  d€T6d(u,  ojg  6vv8Q'/ovg  f /of.     (Xen.) 
For  this  he  thought  he  needed  friends,  that  he  might  have  co-workers. 

nh)ia  nattmvoEv,  ha  lu]  KvQog  dia^ij.     (Xen.) 
He  burnt  up  the  boats,  that  Cyrus  might  [may]  not  cross. 


Clauses  expressing  the  object,  after  verbs  denoting  fear, 
caution,  or  danger,  take  fi//,  and  follow  the  rule  for  clauses 
denoting  purpose,    fiy  =  Latin  ne :  [irj  ov  =  Latin  ut. 

MvSwS^^  t6ti  fit]  nEta^dXcovtai.     (Isoc.) 

There  is  danger  lest  they  change. 

idsiaav  fi^  avrovg  KazaKoipEiav.     (Xen.) 

They  feared  lest  they  should  cut  them  up. 

A  verb  of  fear  or  caution  is  sometimes  omitted  before 
fi^  with  the  subjunctive,  or  oTto^g  i^/j  with  the  future  indica- 
tive (rarely  the  subjunctive). 


Clauses  expressing  a  purpose  or  result  take  the  sub- 
junctive with  the  conjunctions  ut  or  ne,  quo  (chiefly 
with  comparatives),  quin,  or  quominus.  So,  also,  after 
relative  words  equivalent  to  ut  or  ne  with  the  correspond- 
ing demonstrative  word. 

Enititur  ut  vincat.     (Cic.) 

He  strives  to  conquer. 

Scribebat  orationes  quas  [ut  eas]  alii  dice- 
rent.     (Cic.) 

Ho  used  to  wiito  orations  for  others  to  speak  [which  others  might  speak]. 
Rem.  — A  negative  purpose  is  expressed  by  we;  a  negative 
result ^  by  ut  non. 

Clauses  expressing  an  object  of  apprehension  take  the 
subjunctive  with  we,  that  or  lest,  and  ut,  or  ne  non,  that  not. 

Ne  animum  offenderet  verebatur.     (Cic.) 

Ho  feared  lest  ho  should  hurt  his  feelings. 

Vereor  ut  tibi  possim  concedere.     (Cic.) 

I  fear  that  I  cannot  allow  you. 

Timeo  ne  non  impetrem.     (Cic.) 

I  fear  that  I  may  not  obtain  (it). 

The  proposition  on  which  an  ut  or  ne  clause  depends  is 
sometimes  omitted. 


[18] 


< 


04« 


55. 


56. 


fit]  ch/QorAoieQov  5  to  dXrfil^'  dmiv.     (Plato.) 

(I  fear)  lest  it  be  too  rude  to  speak  the  tnitli. 

OTTWs,*  ovv  taeaOs  uid(jE^'  lihoi  z/%'  elevdeQiccg,     (Xen.) 
{See)  now  tliat  you  be  men  worthy  of  freedom. 


Purpose  is  expressed  by  the  future  indicative  after  rela- 
tiyes,  or  by  ortcog  with  the  future  after  verbs  of  effort,  or 
by  the  infinitive  alone,  or  the  infinitive  with  ooazs. 

nQics'^nav  ds  Ttefimiv  ijrig  ravr'  tQsl,     (Dem.) 

To  send  an  embassy  to  say  this. 

qp()oiT<f'  OTtcog  firjdh  drdhov  TZQCC^sig.     (Isoc.) 

Take  heed  to  do  nothing  unworthy. 

ov'A  el)[ov  taj)'Vi>iov  tmatti^eadai.     (Xen.) 

They  had  no  money  to  procure  provisions. 

i^ovh'firfaav 'Elevavva  k^LdtfaaaaOai  wWs  elvai  aqjiai  xara- 
q}vyt}v.     (Xen.) 

They  wished  to  make  Elousis  their  own,  that  it  might  be  a  refuge  for  them. 

Result  is  usually  expressed  by  wats  with  the  infinitive, 
sometimes  the  indicative. 

toiovTov  idog  riiiiv  TtaQt'Soaay  oiars  avvsXdEiv  tg  tavzov. 

(Isoc.) 
Such  a  custom  they  handed  down  to  us,  that  we  assemble  togetlier. 


Ac,   ne  longum  sit,   Quirites,    tabellas   proferri 
jussimus.     (Cic.) 

And,  not  to  be  tedious  [I  say  it  that  I  may  not  be  tedious],  Komans,  we 
ordered  the  letters  to  be  produced. 

Ut  is  sometimes  omitted  after /acio,  and  verbs  of  wish- 
ing, urging,  &c.     Ne  may  likewise  be  omitted  after  cave, 

Fao  —  habeas.     ( Cic. ) 

Endeavor  to  have. 

Cave  —  putes.     (Cic.) 

Beware  of  supposing. 

Purpose  may  be  variously  expressed,  as  follows,  but  not 

by  the  infinitive,  except  in  poetry. 

ut  veniam  orarent,     cf.  51. 

qui  veniam  orarent.     cf,  51. 

veniam  oraturi,  fut.  act.  part.,  not  in  Cic. 

veniam  oratum,  former  supine. 

ibant,  J  ad  veniam  orandum,  gerund  with  ad;  rare. 

ad  veniam  orandam,  gerundive  with  ad. 

veniam  orandi  causa  (or  gratia) ,  gerund 
with  causa, 

veniaB  orandae  causa  (or  gratia),  gerun- 
dive with  causa, 

to  beg  favor. 


o 

a 
o 

O 

S 

on 


cf.  51. 


[19] 


57. 


A  relative  clause  expressing  some  characteristic  of  an 
antecedent  takes  the  subjunctive. 

Sunt  qui  putent.     (Cic.) 

There  are  tsome  who  supx>o6e. 


68. 


A  cause  or  reason  is  regularly  expressed  b}^  the  indica- 
tive, except  when  stated  upon  the  authorit}^  of  another 
person ;  in  which  case  the  rule  for  indirect  quotation 
applies,     (c/.  72.) 

xijdsTO  yoQ  Java^v  mi  (ut  Optjaxovtag  oquto,     (ITom.; 
For  she  was  concerned  for  the  Baiiai,  because  slie  saw  them  dying. 

tor  UzQmUa  IxaMlpv  on  otQatrf/og  <av  om  kne^dyoi, 

(Tnuc.) 
Thoy  blamed  Pericles,  because,  being  general,  he  did  not  march  out 


A  cause  or  reason  is  expressed  by  the  subjunctive  after 
cuiUf  or  after  a  relative  implying  cum^  but  after  other 
causal  particles  only  when  implying  uncertainty,  or  refer- 
ence to  the  authority  of  another  person,     (c/.  72.) 

Cum  solitude  insidiarum  et  metus  plena  sit. 

Since  solitude  is  full  of  treachery  and  fear.  (CiC. ) 

O  vis  veritatis  quae  [cum  ea]  se  defendatl 

(Cic.) 

Oh  the  power  of  truth,  that  [since  it]  defends  itself  I 

Aristides  nonne  expulsus  Bst  patria  quod  Jus- 
tus esset?     (Cic.) 

Was  not  Aristides  banished  from  his  country,  because  [as  men  said]  he 
was  just? 

Rem.  —  To  refer  to  a  cause  as  not  the  real  cause,  non  quoj  non 
quod  J  non  quin,  are  used  with  the  subjunctive. 

Non  quo  haberem  quod  scriberem.     (Cic.) 

Not  that  I  had  any  thing  to  write. 


* 


(2»1 


59. 


60. 


Conditional  Sentences.  —  (A.)  Particular  Suppositions. 

1.  A  simple  statement  of  condition  and  consequence,  implying  noth- 
ing about  fulfilment,  frequently  formal  rather  than  real,  is  expressed 
by  any  tense  of  the  indicative  in  both  clauses. 


el  TtaQsati,  xaXag  c^fct. 

K  he  is  present,  it  is  well. 


Si  adest,  bene  est. 

If  he  is  present,  it  is  well. 


2.  A  supposition  contrary  to  reality  is  expressed  by  — 


Past  tenses  of  the  indicative  in  both  clauses,  the  conse- 
quent clause  taking  av.  The  imperfect  marks  time  pres- 
ent, or  action  continued  or  repeated  in  past  time ;  the 
aorist  denotes  momentary  or  single  action  in  past  time. 

tavTci  ovK  av  TtQOtlEyEV,  H   [It]    In  la  t  EVE  V   olrfiEvaziv. 

(Xen.) 

These  things  he  would  not  have  declared  [in  several  instances,  as  he  did], 
had  he  not  been  confident  [as  he  was]  that  he  should  speak  the  truth. 

eI  firj  vfiEig  fiXdstE,  kTtOQEVOfiEOa  av  tm  ^aailta.    (Xen. ) 

If  you  had  not  come  [as  you  did],  wo  should  be  marching  [as  we  are  not] 
against  the  king. 

E,EM.  —  av  is  sometimes  omitted  in  particular  suppositions  of 
the  second  form,  either  for  greater  vividness  of  expression,  or 
idiomatically  with  impersonal  verbs  denoting  obligation,  pro- 
priety, &c. 

KaXov  yv  avzo),  Ei  ovh  ejEwt^drj  6  avOQCOTtog  txEivog. 

It  were  good  for  that  man  if  he  had  not  been  bom.  (S.  MATT. ) 


The  imperfect  or  pluperfect  subjunctive  in  both  clauses 
the  pluperfect  for  time  gone  by,  and  the  imperfect  foi 
time  not  gone  by. 

Si  adesset,  bene  esset. 

If  he  were  present  [but  he  is  not],  it  would  be  well. 

Si  adfuisset,  bene  fuisset. 

If  ho  had  been  present  [but  he  was  not],  it  would  have  been  well. 

Qui  si  nuUi  fuissent,  nuUae  omnino  civitates 
essent.     (Cic.) 

But  if  there  had  been  none  of  them  [as  there  were],  there  would  be  no 
states  at  all  [as  there  are]. 

Rem.  —  The  indicative  in  the  consequent  clause  signifies  that 
a  thing  ought  to  be,  or  was  intended,  or  certain. 

In  amplexus  filiae  ruebat,  nisi  lictores  obsti- 
tissent.     (Tag.) 

He  would  [certainly]  have  rushed  into  Ma  daughter's  embrace,  had  not 
the  lictors  prevented. 


[21] 


61. 


3.  A  supposition  referring  to  the  future  with  present  probability  is 


expressed  by  — 

idv  (f}v,  av)  with  the  subjunctive  in  the  conditional 
clause,  and  in  the  consequent  the  future  indicative,  or 
some  other  expression  of  futurity,  llie  subjunctive  with 
lav  often  gives  place  to  u  with  the  future  indicative  for 
greater  vividness. 

hav   TtaQxi  .  .  .  «   TtaQEGtai,  nalcog   e^si. 

If  he  be  present,  ...  if  he  shall  be  present,  it  will  be  well. 

ftaliv.     (Xen.) 

But  if  the  others  vote  no,  wo  are  all  going  back  again. 


The  future  indicative,  or  an  equivalent  expression  of 
futurity  in  both  clauses  ;  the  future  perfect  when  the  con- 
dition must  be  completed  prior  to  the  consequence. 

Si   aderit,  bene   erit. 

If  he  sliall  be  present,  it  will  be  well. 

Sin,  cum  potuero,  non  venero,  turn  erit  ini- 
micus.     (Cic.) 

But  if  I  do  not  come  when  I  can,  then  he  will  be  unfriendly. 


62. 


4.  A  supposition  referring  to  the  future  without  present  probability  is 
expressed  by  — 


The  optative  in  both  clauses,  the  consequent  clause 
tailing  dv. 


d  TtaQsii],  xaXSg  av  ^xou 

If  he  should  be  present,  it  would  be  well. 

dta  8l  xat   djtoatQoqiij  yevoitOj  ei  tig  ^ovloiro  ^aair 
Xia  naxSg  nomv.     (Xen.) 

And  then,  also,  it  would  be  a  place  of  refuge,  if  any  one  wished  to  injure 
tiieking. 


The  present  subjunctive  in  both  clauses;   the  perfect 
subjunctive  when  the  condition  must  be  completed  first. 


Si  adsit,  bene  sit. 

If  he  should  be  present,  it  would  be  well. 

At    si    formosus  Alexis 

Montibus    his  abeat,   videas  et   flumina  sicca. 

(Verg.) 

But  if  fair  Alexis  should  go  away  from  these  mountains,  you  would  see 
even  Uie  rivers  dry. 

Hoc,  nisi   provideris  ne  accidat,   ubi  evenit, 
frustra  judicia  implores.     (Sall.) 

Unless  you  see  [shall  have  seen]  to  it  that  this  do  not  happen,  in  vain,  when 
it  has  resulted,  would  you  implore  justice. 
[22] 


63. 


To  express  varying  shades  of  meaning,  the  third  and  fourth  forms  are 
sometimes  blended,  the  condition  taking  one,  and  the  consequence  the 
other. 


lav  TtUQii  (3),  Kal(^^  av  i'/ot  (4). 

If  he  be  present,  it  would  be  well. 

u  TtaQ^lij  (4),  }iah~)^  t^ei  (3). 
If  he  should  be  present,  it  will  be  well. 


Dies    deficiet    (3),    si  velim 
(4)  causam  defendere.  (Cic.) 

The  day  would  [will]  fail  nie,  should  I  wish  to 
defend  the  cause. 


64. 


The  condition  is  often  involved  in  a  participle,  or  some  other  word, 
and  sometimes  is  merely  implied. 

Bovh)ffirp>    (V.«j',    u'/MiTog    aTticov    Non  mihi  nisi  admonito  ve- 

nisset  in  mentem.     (Cic) 


KvQov.     (Xen.) 

But  I  should  wish,  if  I  went  away  against 
Cyrus's  will. 

ovd^  ill'  d IX  a  I  cog  ti,'  xaxov  mGoqu 
ti.     (Soph.) 

Nor,  if  justice  were  done,  should  I  fall 
into  any  evil. 

|3oi'Ao//i//r  av.     cf,  67. 

I  should  like.     [i.e.  if  the  occasion  of- 
fered]. 


It  would  not  have  conie  into  my  mind,  except 
by  admonition  [had  1  not  been  warned]. 

Pace   tua   dixerim.     (Cic.) 

With  your  leave,  1  woulil  .-ay. 

Forsitan  haec  illi  mirentur .  ( Cic. ) 

May  be   they  would  wonder  at  this,     [i.e., 
if,  &c.] 


65. 


When  a  condition  is  implied  or  disguised,  {cf.  64)  a  verb  signifying 
necessity  or  propriety  in  a  consequent  clause  denoting  what  is  not  a  lact  — 

Takes  the  imperfect  indicative  without  av.  (cf.  60,  Rem.)  Takes  the  indicative,  the  perfect  for  time  gone  by. 

x«/  lidhata  eixog  Jjv  v^iag  TtQOOQdodui.     (Tnuc.)  Illud  erat  [fuit]  aptius,  aequum  cuique  concedere. 

(Cic.) 
And,  especially,  it  would  be  seemly  for  you  to  provide. 


[23] 


It  would  be  [would  have  been]  fitter  to  allow  each  one  his  f.air  duo. 


m. 


B.  —  General  Suppositions. 


Supposition  involving  a  general  tnith  or  repeated  action, 
present  or  past,  requires  tdv  with  the  su1)junctive  wlieu 
the  consequence  is  in  a  primary  tense,  and  ft  with  the  opta- 
tive when  it  is  in  a  secondary  tense.  The  consequent 
clause  takes  the  present  or  imperfect  indicative,  or  any 
form  denoting  repetition. 

evla^ov  tag  dia^olagj  xav  xpevdsig  ojgiv.     (Isoc.) 
Beware  of  slanders,  even  if  they  are  false. 

«  tig  uvtsinoi,  evdvg  tedvfjxei.     (Thug.) 
If  any  one  refused,  be  was  immediately  slain. 


1.  Supposition  involving  a  general  truth  takes  the  pres- 
ent or  perfect  subjunctive  in  the  condition,  and  the  present 
indicative  in  the  consequence. 

Si  hoc   dicas,  bene   est. 

If  ouo  says  [if  you  say]  this,  it  is  well. 

Si  prohibita  impune  transcenderis,  neque 
metus  ultra  neque  pudor  est.     (Tag.) 

If  one  oversteps  [if  you  have  overstepped]  proliibitious  with  impunity, 
there  is  no  fear  or  shame  any  more. 

2.  Supposition  involving  repeated  action  takes  the  im- 
perfect or' pluperfect  subjunctive  in  the  condition,  and  the 
imperfect  indicative  in  the  consequence. 

Brat  Quinctius,   si  cederes,  placabilis.     (Liv.) 

Whenever  [if]  you  yielded,  Quinctius  was  placable. 


67, 


A  mild  command  and  a  modest  assertion  involve  possibility,  and  are 
expressed  by  — 

The   subjunctive,   present,  imperfect,   or  perfect;  the 
imperfect  implying  what  cannot  be. 


The  optative  with  av. 

Gv  fikv  xofii^otg  av  Gsavrov  xi  Ot)Mg.     (Soph.) 

You  may  take  yourstlf  where  you  like. 

^ovloifiT^p  av  (velim).    cf,  64. 

I  should  like. 


124] 


Haud  sciam   an.     (Cig.) 

I  should  incline  to  think. 

Veil  em   adesset  M.  Antonius.     (Cic.) 
Vellem  =  l^ovlofoiv  av. 

I  would  have  liked  to  have  Mark  Antony  hero. 


68, 


oy* 


The  so-called  conditional  relative  sentence  is  formed 
when  a  relative  word  introduces  the  conditional  clause,  in 
any  of  its  varieties. 

A.  Particular  suppositions  :  — 

1.  a  fiTj  old  (if  ovds  otofiai  ndhai.     (Plato.) 

Whatever  I  do  not  know,  [if  I  do  not  know  a  tiling]  I  do  not  even 
think  I  know. 

2.  ovH  (h  tTtexsiQOVfiev  nodrxEiv  a  fiij  ^TtiGtdfJisda. 

I  PIjAto  ) 
We  would  not  undertake  to  do  what  we  did  not  undei-stand. 

3.  otav  firj  aOtvco,  nenavao^iai.     (Soph.) 

Whenever  I  am  not  strong,  I  will  cease, 

4.  nsivojv  (pay 01  dvy  oTtoze  ^ov lotto.     (Xen.) 

If  hungry,  he  would  eat  whenever  he  might  wish. 

B.  General  suppositions. 

crr«  f^oj  tov  deivov  yfvoivto,  7to)loi  avrov  aTtslsiTtov. 
When  [if  ever]  they  got  out  of  danger,  many  used  to  leave  him.  (Xen.) 

If  a  conditional  relative  clause  is  itself  dependent  on  a 
conditional  clause,  it  regularly  takes  by  attraction  the 
same  mood  as  the  leading  clause. 

1.  tap  nve^'f  o2  dp  naQMGij  ravxa  Xfymai,  aaXag  ^ei. 

If  any  who  may  be  present  say  this,  it  will  be  well. 

2.  ei  ting,  o«  naQEitjaav,  tavra  7Jyom\  xulwg  dp  f;foi. 

If  any  who  luiyht  be  present  should  say  this,  it  would  be  well. 

3.  St  tipsg,  o1  TiaQT^Gav,  tavta  e)^^av,  xahag  dv  taxEV, 

If  any  who  wore  present  had  said  this,  it  would  have  been  well. 


A  variety  of  the  conditional  sentence  is  formed  when 
pronouns  or  particles  implying  condition,  proviso,  con- 
cession, or  comparison,  introduce  the  conditional  clause. 

Errat  longe   qui   credat  [qui  =  si  quis].     (Tee.) 

If  any  one  believes  [it],  he  widely  errs. 

Quaecumque  causa  vos  attulisset,  laetarer. 

Whatever  cause  might  have  brought  you,  I  should  be  glad.  (CiC. ) 

Oderint,   dum   metuant.     (Cic.) 

Let  them  hate,  provided  they  fear. 

Quamvis  ipsi  infantes  sint.     (Cic.) 

However  incapable  of  speaking  they  themselves  may  be. 

Rem.  1.  —  The  subjunctive 'after  quasi,  and  other  particles  of 
comparison,  is  a  condition  whose  consequence  is  omitted. 

Quid  ego  his  testibus  utor,  quasi  res  dubia 
aut  obscura  sit?     (Cic.) 

Why  do  I  use  these  witnesses,  as  [I  should  do]  if  the  thing  were  doifbt- 
ful  or  obscure? 

Rem.  2.  —  The  primary  tenses  of  the  subjunctive  regularly 
follow  these  particles,  unless  the  connection  requi'-es  the  sec- 
ondary. 

A  dependent  clause  essential  to  complete  the  meaning 
of  a  subjunctive  clause,  or  an  infinitive  with  accusative, 
takes  the  subjunctive. 

Quae  quidem  mihi  tarn  jucunda  est,  ut,  quo 
propius  ad  mortem  accedam,  quasi  terrain  vi- 
dere  videar.     (Cic.) 

Which,  indeed,  is  bo  pleasant  to  me,  that,  the  nearer  I  draw  to  death,  I 
seem,  as  it  were,  to  see  the  land. 


[25] 


70. 


Particles  signifying  until  or  before  that  take  (1)  the 
indicative  to  express  absolute  time ;  but,  (2)  when  de- 
noting relative  time,  are  followed  by  the  subjunctive  with 
av  after  primary  tenses,  and  the  optative,  generally  with- 
out av,  after  secondary  tenses,  or  a  preceding  optative 
(c/.  69). 

1.  xavta  tnotow  p/()«  axotog  lye  veto,     (Xex.) 

2.  fif'xQ''  ^  "*'  h^  ?/xw»  (d  (JTZovdcu  [isvovtcov,     (Xen.) 

But  until  I  come,  let  tbe  truce  remain. 


t        r 


y     t 


">     f 


»       * 


ft^roTS  a)(>a  tiri  oqigtov,  avt^vsv   avzovg,   tars  tficpayoiev 
n,    (Xek) 

Whenever  it  was  breakfast-time,  he  used  to  wait  for  them  until  they 
took  a  bite. 


Particles  signifying  whe7i,  before  that^  or  until^  take  (1) 
the  indicative  to  express  absolute  time;  but,  (2)  when 
w^hen  denoting  relative  time,  take  the  subjunctive.  But 
clauses  introduced  by  an  indefinite  "  when  [=  if  ever]  " 
follow  the  rules  for  conditional  sentences  (c/.  QQ). 

Cum  occiditur  Sex.  Roscius,  ibidem  fuermit 
servi.     (Cic.) 

At  the  killing  of  Sex.  Boscius,  the  slaves  were  on  the  spot. 

Cum  servili  bello  premeretur,  auxilium  ex- 
petivit.     (Cic.) 

When  she  was  burdened  by  the  servile  war,  she  earnestly  sought  aid, 

Priusquam  lucet,  adsunt.     (Cic.) 

Before  daybreak,  they  are  present 

Priusquam   incipias,  consulto  opus  est. 

Before  you  begin,  deliberation  is  necessary.  (S-ALL.) 

Dum  leges  vigebant.     (Cic.) 

While  the  laws  were  effective. 

Differant,  dum  defervesoat  ira.     (Cic.) 

Let  them  put  it  off  till  anger  cools. 


71. 


fiQiv,  besides  the  constructions  of  Rule  70,  may  take  the 
infinitive.  In  writers  later  than  Homer  this  is  the  com- 
mon construction  after  affirmative  clauses. 


ditfrjaav  tcqIv  jovg  culovg  dTtoKpivaaOai,     (Xen,) 
They  crossed  before  the  others  answered. 


[26] 


•2« 


73. 


Indirect  quotation  introduced  by  a  primary  tense  re- 
quires no  change  from  the  direct  form.  After  a  secondary 
tense,  all  indicatives  (except  in  suppositions  contrary  to 
reality,  c/.  76),  or  subjunctives,  may  either  be  changed 
to  the  optative  in  the  same  tense,  or  remain  unchanged. 

^hvofjiai  onoag  ae  ditodQa.     (Xen.) 

I  am  planning  how  I  may  escape  you. 

rpiOQH  ozi  iQTi  Cairo  zc^  TtQayfiazi.     (Xen.) 
He  was  perplexed  what  to  do  with  the  thing. 

elmv  on  ?/  fih  nohg  6Cf(av  tsrsixtatai  f^dtj.     (Thuc.) 
He  said  that  their  city  has  its  wall  built  akeady. 


Rem. — When  a  subjunctive  clause  with  av  is  changed  to 
the  optative,  av  is  generally  dropped;  elsewhere  av  is  retained. 
av  is  never  used  in  the  indirect  discourse  unless  it  would  have 
stood  in  the  direct. 


Indirect  quotation  requires  the  principal  verb  of  a  de- 
claratory sentence,  or  a  question  of  appeal,  to  stand  in 
the  infinitive,  and  dependent  verbs  in  the  subjunctive. 
In  other  interrogative,  and  in  imperative  sentences,  the 
principal  verb  must  take  the  subjunctive. 

Proponit:  esse  nonnullos,  quorum  auotoritas 
plurimum  vale  at.     (Caes.) 

He  explains,  that  there  are  a  few  whose  influence  is  very  powerful. 

Quern  ausurum  Alexandre  succedere?  (Q.Cijet.) 

Who  would  venture  to  succeed  Alexander  ?    [A  rhetorical  question.] 

Quid  tandem  vererentur?     (Caes.) 

Wliat,  pray,  did  they  fear  ?    [A  simple  inquiry.] 

Rem. — The  subjunctive  will  take  a  primary  or  a  secondary 
tense,  according  as  the  tense  of  the  verb  introducing  the  quota- 
tion is  primary  or  secondary. 


74. 


Indirect  questions  follow  the  same  rule  for  moods  and 
tenses  as  indirect  quotation. 
(c/.  72,  examples  1  and  2.) 


Indirect  or  dependent  questions  take  the  subjunctive. 
Non  video  cur  non  audeam  vobis  dicere.   (Cic.) 

I  do  not  see  why  I  should  not  make  bold  to  tell  you. 


75. 


Any  dependent  sentence,  though  not  strictly  interroga- 
tive, if  introduced  by  an  interrogative  word,  takes  the 
subjunctive. 

Quam  sis  audax  omnes  intellegere  potuerunt. 

How  bold  you  are,  all  could  have  perceived.  (CiC. ) 


[27] 


76. 


77. 


78. 


In  indirect  quotation  or  question  the  imperfect  and 
pluperfect  indicative  remain  unchanged  in  all  clauses,  and 
the  aorist  indicative  in  dependent  clauses  after  a  sec- 
ondary tense. 

Wish  is  expressed  by  the  optative,  but  if  the  non-ful- 
filment of  the  wish  is  intimated,  by  the  past  tenses  of  the 
indicative  with  eIOb  or  h  yoQ^  or  by  the  aorist  (aq)zkmf  with 
an  infinitive. 

jovtovi;  fih  oi  OeoI  dnotiaatrvro.     (Xek.) 

These  may  tlie  gods  requite. 

«i^'  elxBg  at  lexovacc,  ^zkxiovg  (pgevag.     (Eub.) 

Would  you  had  had,  O  mother  I  a  better  mind. 

eide  6oij  ft]  tleQixXiig,  rots  avvsyevofitiv.     (Xen.) 

Would  I  had  then  been  with  you,  Pericles! 

mcpsXs  fi8v  KifQog  ^rjv.     (Xen.) 
Would  that  Cyrus  were  alive ! 

The  imperfect  and  the  aorist  are  distinguished  here  as 
in  particular  suppositions  of  the  second  form.     (c/.  60.) 


Wish  is  expressed  by  the  primary  tenses  of  the  subjunc- 
tive, but,  if  the  non-fulfilment  of  the  wish  is  intimated, 
by  the  secondary  tenses  of  the  subjunctive. 

Sint  beati.     (Cic.) 

May  they  bo  happy ! 

Ita  vivam.     (Cic.) 

So  may  I  live  I  . 

O  utinam  primis  arsisses  ignibus  infansi 

Would  you  had  bumed  in  that  first  fire  in  your  infancy  |  (OviD. 


Exhortation  or  deliberation  is  expressed  by  the  first  person  of  the 
subjunctive. 


jzeidoofisda  Ttdvzeg,     (Hom.) 
Let  us  all  obey. 

TttSg  tig  zm  nQ6qiQcn>  eitsaiv  Ttsidrjtai  ^Axai^v ;     (Hom.) 
How  can  any  one  of  the  Achaeana  cordially  hearken  to  your  words  ? 


[28] 


A  mem  US  patriam.     (Cic.) 

Let  us  love  our  country. 

Quid  mem  or  em  Lapithas?    (Veb.) 

Why  should  I  mention  the  Lapithae  ? 

[So,  also,  by  the  second  person.]    Quid  hoo  liomiiie 
faoiatis?     (Cic.) 

What  will  you  do  with  this  man  ? 


70. 


80. 


81 


Prohibition  may  be  expressed  by  fitj  with  the  present 
imperative,  for  continued  or  repeated  action,  or  with  the 
second  (sometimes  the  third)  person  of  the  aorist  subjunc- 
tive for  a  single  or  a  momentary  act. 

fiijdelg  vnoXd^rj  fis  ^ovXeadai  Xadsiv.     (Isoc.) 

Let  no  one  suppose  that  I  wish  to  be  muioticed. 

fji^  Kara  tovg  vofiovg  diHviafjre.     (Dem.) 

Do  not  give  judgment  according  to  the  lawa. 

flmphatic  denial  is  expressed  either  by  the  (aorist)  sub- 
junctive, or  by  the  future  indicative,  preceded  by  av  fiij. 

ov  fi^  Ttidt^tai.     (Soph.) 
He  will  not  obey. 


Prohibition  may  be  expressed  by  we  with  the  imperative 
or  the  subjunctive,  in  either  the  second  or  third  person. 


Scribere  ne  pigrere. 

Do  not  be  slow  iu  writing. 

Ne  audeant.     (Cic.) 

Iiet  them  not  dare. 


(CiC.) 


Sequence  of  Tenses. 


All  presents,  futures,  and  perfects  are  primary  tenses : 
all  imperfects,  pluperfects,  and  aorists  are  secondary 
tenses. 

1.  The  primary  tenses  of  the  indicative  are  regularly 
followed  by  the  subjunctive,  cf.  examples  under  51,  52, 
&c. 

2.  The  secondary  tenses  of  the  indicative  are  regularly 
followed  by  the  optative,     cf.  examples  under  51,  52,  x&c. 


Exc.  1.— The  historic  present  is 
tense. 

dia^dXXii  zov  KvQOv  (ag  im^ovXevoi  avtcp,     (Xen.) 
He  falsely  accuses  [accused]  Cyrus  of  plotting  against  him. 

[29] 


All  presents,  futures,  and  perfects-definite  are  primary 
tenses :  all  imperfects,  pluperfects,  and  perfects-indefinite 
(aorists)  are  secondary  tenses. 

1.  If  the  principal  verb  is  in  a  primary  tense,  the  tense 
of  the  dependent  verb  must  be  primary,  c/.  examples 
under  51,  52,  &c. 

2.  If  the  principal  verb  is  in  a  secondary  tense,  the 
tense  of  the  dependent  verb  must  be  secondary,  cf.  ex- 
amples under  51,  52,  &c. 

generally  construed  as  a  secondary 


Legates  mittuntut  pacem  impetrarent.     (CiEs.) 

They  send  [sent!  ambassadors  to  obtain  peace. 


Exc.  2.  —  The  gnomic,  or  universal,  aorist  is  construed 
as  a  primary  tense. 

og  X8  dsoli;  sTtiTteidrizai,  fmXa  t'  sxXvov  avtov.     (Hom.) 
Whoever  obeys  the  gods,  they  hearken  also  well  to  hira. 

Exc.  3.  —  In  elaiisoR  denoting  purpose,  and  in  indirect 
discourse,  the  subjunctive  may  follow  a  secondary  tense. 

nhua  KatmivGsv  iva  fit}  Kvoog  dia^Ij.     (Xex.)/. //.  /^ 

He  bunie<l  the  boats,  that  Cyrus  might  [may]  not  cross. 


Exc.  2. — An  imperfect  subjunctive,  frequently  denot- 
ing a  purpose  or  a  continued  past  action,  may  follow  :i 
primary  tense. 

Ut  satis  esset  praesidii  provisum  est.     (Cic.) 

Provision  has  been  made  that  there  should  be  sufficient  protection. 

Exc.  3.  —  In  clauses  denoting  result,  a  present  or  per- 
fect subjunctive  may  follow  a  secondary  tense. 

Factum   est,  ut   plus   quam   collegae   Miltiades 
valuerit.     (Nep.) 

It  came  to  pass  that  Miltiades  had  more  influence  than  liis  colleagues. 


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